纪录片部落--纪录片《[BBC纪录片]爱因斯坦的生死方程Einstein'sEquationofLifeandDeath-1080P高清迅雷网盘下载》高清百度云1080p下载
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：爱因斯坦的生死方程Einstein's Equation of Life and Death-1080P高清迅雷网盘下载
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由Jack Fortune主持并由BBC发行的科学纪录片作为BBC Horizo??n系列的一部分在2005年播出-英语旁白Science Documentary hosted by Jack Fortune and published by BBC broadcasted as part of BBC Horizon series in 2005- English narration
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1939年夏天，爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein）在长岛尖端的一个度假小镇度假。然而，一个老朋友和一位同事在柏林度过的访问却打碎了他宁静的夏天。访客是物理学家里奥·西拉德（Leo Szilard）。他来告诉爱因斯坦，他担心纳粹分子会很快拥有一种可怕的新武器，因此必须采取一些行动。希尔拉德相信最近的科学突破意味着现在有可能将质量转化为能量。而且这可以用来制造炸弹。如果发生这种情况，那将是爱因斯坦大约34年前发现的自然法则的可怕实现。1905年9月是爱因斯坦的“奇迹年”。伯恩·爱因斯坦（Berne Einstein）在瑞士首都伯恩·爱因斯坦（Berne Einstein）担任专利业务员时，提交了三页的补充内容，以补充他当年早些时候出版的相对论。在这些书中，他得出了有史以来最著名的等式。e =mc2，能量等于质量乘以光速平方。该方程式表明质量和能量是相关的，理论上一个可以转化为另一个。但是，由于光速的平方是如此之大，这意味着即使是很小的质量也有可能转换为大量的能量。自19世纪晚期发现放射性以来，科学家们已经意识到原子核可能包含大量能量。爱因斯坦的革命方程式第一次向他们展示了有多少东西。当时爱因斯坦怀疑这种能量是否能够被释放。到1935年，他确信这将永远是不现实的。在匹兹堡的美国科学促进协会冬季会议上，他被引述记者的话：“将物质转化为能量的可能性类似于在一个只有几只鸟的国家在黑暗中射击鸟的某种感觉。 ”。爱因斯坦对此表示怀疑，因为试图打破原子核总是需要投入比释放更多的能量。欧内斯特·卢瑟福（Ernest Rutherford）等核物理学家正在通过用α粒子轰击原子核来探索原子的结构。即使建立了将α粒子加速到更高速度的机器，它们在分裂核方面也仅取得了有限的成功。1933年，卢瑟福（Rutherford）驳斥了有关原子能的说法，称其为“月光”。1933年9月的一个早晨，西拉德在《泰晤士报》上阅读了卢瑟福的评论。离开旅馆，过马路时，他脑子发了波。物理学家用来轰击原子核的阿尔法粒子和其他粒子只是做这项工作的错误工具，因为他意识到它们像原子核一样具有正电荷。Szilard认为，既然像电荷一样可以击退，无论您用多大的力气将其开除，大多数人都会被转移。那天早上，他是第一个意识到最近发现的中子可能是必需的人之一。中子是像质子这样的亚原子粒子，但是没有电荷，于1932年被发现。没有电荷，希尔拉德相信中子会简单地滑入未偏转原子的心脏。但是他并没有就此止步。希尔拉德认为，如果能找到一个被中子分裂开的原子，它不仅会死In the summer of 1939 Albert Einstein was on holiday in a small resort town on the tip of Long Island. His peaceful summer, however, was about to be shattered by a visit from an old friend and colleague from his years in Berlin. The visitor was the physicist Leo Szilard. He had come to tell Einstein that he feared the Nazis could soon be in possession of a terrible new weapon and that something had to be done.Szilard believed that recent scientific breakthroughs meant it was now possible to convert mass into energy. And that this could be used to make a bomb. If this were to happen, it would be a terrible realisation of the law of nature Einstein had discovered some 34 years earlier. September 1905 was Einstein's 'miracle year'. While working as a patents clerk in the Swiss capital Berne Einstein submitted a three-page supplement to his special theory of relativity, published earlier that year. In those pages he derived the most famous equation of all time; e=mc2, energy is equal to mass multiplied by the speed of light squared. The equation showed that mass and energy were related and that one could, in theory, be transformed into the other. But because the speed of light squared is such a huge number, it meant that even a small amount of mass could potentially be converted into a huge amount of energy. Ever since the discovery of radioactivity in the late 19th century, scientists had realised that the atomic nucleus could contain a large amount of energy. Einstein's revolutionary equation showed them, for the first time, just how much there was.However, at the time Einstein doubted whether that energy could ever be released. By 1935 he was convinced it would never be practical. At the Winter Session of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Pittsburgh, he is quoted as telling journalists: "The likelihood of transforming matter into energy is something akin to shooting birds in the dark in a country where there are only a few birds." Einstein was so sceptical because attempts to break open the atomic nucleus always required more far energy be put in than was ever released. Nuclear physicists like Ernest Rutherford were exploring the structure of the atom by bombarding atomic nuclei with alpha particles. Even when machines were built to accelerate the alpha particles to ever higher speeds they had only limited success in breaking apart the nucleus. In 1933 Rutherford dismissed talk of atomic power as 'moonshine'. One morning in September 1933 Szilard read Rutherford's comments in The Times. Leaving his hotel and crossing the street, he had a brainwave. Alpha particles and the other particles that physicists had been using to bombard the nucleus were simply the wrong tool for the job, because he realised that they, like the nucleus, had a positive charge. Since like charges repel, Szilard thought, no matter how hard you fire them in, the majority would simply be deflected away. That morning he was one of the first to realise that the recently discovered neutron might be what was needed. The neutron, a subatomic particle like a proton but with no electric charge was discovered in 1932. With no charge, Szilard believed the neutron would simply slip into the heart of the atom undeflected. But he didn't stop there. Szilard thought that if an atom could be found that is split open by neutrons, not only would it release some of its huge store of energy, it might also release further neutrons, which could then go on and split further atoms, setting up a chain reaction leading to a truly vast release of energy. Szilard immediately saw the possible military applications and sought to patent the idea and have it made an official secret. But in 1933, the chain reaction only existed in Szilard's head. No one had yet found an atom that could be split by neutrons. These developments were happening against a background of extraordinary political turmoil in Europe. Hitler had come to power in Germany in January 1933. In 1938, less than a year before the outbreak of World War II, just such an atom was found, uranium. Working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, the nuclear chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman found that when bombarded with neutrons, uranium split into two nuclei of roughly half the size. Not only that, but further calculations showed that a large amount of energy was also released - enough from a single nucleus to move a grain of sand. The first stage of Szilard's chain reaction had been achieved. When he heard the news Szilard, now in New York and working at Columbia University with Enrico Fermi, set about showing whether, as well as energy, further 'secondary' neutrons were released. By July 1939, when he first knocked on Einstein's door, he knew that they were and so the chain reaction was possible. Also, he and Fermi had settled on a design for the first nuclear reactor. During the course of their conversations in the summer of 1939, Szilard explained these new developments to Einstein and his fear that the Nazis might use them to create a nuclear bomb. Together they drafted a letter, signed by Einstein, to the American President, Franklin Roosevelt. The letter was delivered to the President on the 11 October 1939 and after reading it the President provided funding for research that would pave the way for the Manhattan Project and lead, ultimately to the construction of the first atomic bomb. After signing the letter, Einstein played no further part in the development of the bomb. With the first atomic explosion over Hiroshima, the power of e=mc2 had been graphically demonstrated to the world. Just 0.6 grams of mass, converted into energy, had been enough to destroy an entire city. Einstein was horrified when he heard that the bomb had been dropped. When they, wrote to the President, Szilard and Einstein advocated the development of an American bomb purely as a deterrent against the threat of a Nazi weapon. They had not conceived of its use as an offensive weapon, especially after the defeat of Nazi Germany. Einstein always saw e=mc2 as a purely theoretical insight and refuted any responsibility for the bomb but he did feel some responsibility for the letter he'd written to Roosevelt. A letter he would come to describe as "the one mistake" of his life. Einstein saw nuclear weapons and the nuclear arms race as a threat to the future of civilisation. In his final years he devoted much of his time and energy to issues dealing with the world's future - advocating pacifism and campaigning for the control of nuclear weapons, not by individual nations, but by a world government. The last document he signed, just a week before he died, was a manifesto drawn up by Bertrand Russell, renouncing war and nuclear weapons. As Russell said: ""Einstein was not only a great scientist he was a great man. He stood for peace in a world drifting towards war..."But while the bomb proved e=mc2 to be the ultimate equation of destruction, only after his death has the role of Einstein's equation in the creation of the universe become clear. Just as mass can be turned into energy in a bomb, the pure energy generated in the Big Bang condensed into the matter that makes up our world. Almost a hundred years ago, with just six short pen stokes Einstein unlocked one of the most powerful truths about the universe. A truth that would change our world, both for good and ill.
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【技术参数】——
视频编码: DX50
比特率: 1103 kbps
Video 分辨率: 384x704 (height x width)
Video 画面比例: 13x24 (1:1.83)
音频编码: MPEG-1 Layer 3 (MP3) <0x0055>
音频比特率: 128 kbps
音频串流: 1
音频语言: English
分集时长: 49 min 0.04 s (73501 Frames)
体积: 435.22 MB
Subtitles: English【Technical Specs】——
Video Codec: DX50
Video Bitrate: 1103 kbps
Video Resolution: 384x704 (height x width)
Video Aspect Ratio: 13x24 (1:1.83)
Audio Codec: MPEG-1 Layer 3 (MP3) <0x0055>
Audio BitRate: 128 kbps
Audio Streams: 1
Audio Languages: English
RunTime Per Part: 49 min 0.04 s (73501 Frames)
Part Size: 435.22 MB
Subtitles: English
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