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[BBC系列]：拯救世界的实验An Experiment to Save the World-1080P高清迅雷网盘下载
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由Dilly Barlow主持并由??BBC发行的科学纪录片，作为2005年BBC Horizo??n系列的一部分播出-英语旁白Science Documentary hosted by Dilly Barlow and published by BBC broadcasted as part of BBC Horizon series in 2005 - English narration
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2002年3月，一个令人震惊的消息震惊了科学界：一位杰出的美国政府科学家声称他是在实验室中利用声波进行核聚变的。Rusi Taleyarkhan的突破是如此重要的消息，因为核聚变是最困难的科学之一。流程，也是最令人垂涎??的流程之一。它可以永远解决我们所有的能源问题。原则上说，地球上存在着足够的燃料，可以为数十亿人提供数百万年的清洁，无污染的能源。要实现这一目标，必须将各个原子相互碰撞，使其具有足够的能量以使它们融合在一起，这是必需的。仅在像我们的太阳等恒星的核心中发现的温度?超过一千万个开尔文?在小型实验室中仅使用声波就达到了这些温度的想法使许多科学家感到惊讶。对他们而言，聚变项目是数十亿英镑的庞大的政府间计划，其目标远未达到几十年的目标。塔雷亚克罕的聚变突破是基于一个很少被理解的所谓的声致发光过程。这个过程可以神奇地将声波转换为闪光，将声能集中到气泡内部微小的闪烁热点上。它被称为罐中的恒星，罐中的恒星毫不费力地达到了数万度的温度，比太阳表面还要热。许多科学家想知道泡沫的核心是否更热。甚至和太阳的核心一样热。如果是这样，融合将在那里发生。但是直到Taleyarkhan之前，没有人能够证明或反驳它。这一突破和《科学》杂志的论文引起了极大的怀疑。发生聚变时，会释放出称为中子的粒子。科学家认为这些是核聚变的关键标志。但是在过去，以小规模的实验室规模测量中子已被证明非常困难?甚至在1989年取消了臭名昭著的核聚变主张。许多科学家并不认为Rusi Taleyarkhan的中子探测是绝对正确的。因此，为了弄清问题的根源，该实验由Oak Ridge国家实验室的同事Mike Saltmarsh和Dan Shapiro重新进行。他们找不到融合的证据。但是随着Taleyarkhan的团队站稳了脚跟，争议不断升级，两年后，发表了一篇论文，显示了更多的聚变和更多的中子。这篇论文经过了全面的审查，并在另一本备受尊敬的期刊上发表。但是，争议并没有消失。声波产生的核聚变将是一项巨大的科学突破?为了说服他们，许多科学家希望看到更好的证据，这是绝对无可辩驳的证据。他们希望非常精确地观察中子的时机，以了解它们与光的闪烁之间有多紧密的关系，如果它们在同一时间发生，他们最终将确信正在发生聚变。但是他们希望计时具有令人难以置信的精确度，即十亿分之一秒或十亿分之一秒。虽然这是可能的，但Taleyarkhan及其团队尚未进行过这样的测量。因此，Horizo??n决定尝试一劳永逸地解决问题。我们委托了一个独立的In March 2002, the scientific world was rocked by some astonishing news: a distinguished US government scientist claimed he had made nuclear fusion out of sound waves in his laboratory.Rusi Taleyarkhan's breakthrough was such important news because nuclear fusion is one of the most difficult scientific processes, and also one of the most coveted. It could solve all of our energy problems for ever. In principle, sufficient fuel exists on earth to provide clean, pollution-free energy for billions of people for millions of years.To make it happen, individual atoms must be slammed into each other with enough energy to make them fuse together, something that requires temperatures found only in the core of stars like our Sun – over 10 million Kelvin. The idea that these temperatures had been reached in a small scale laboratory using only soundwaves took many scientists by surprise. To them, fusion projects were huge multibillion-pound, intergovernmental schemes with the far off goal of producing energy in several decades time.Taleyarkhan's fusion breakthrough was based on a little-understood process called sonoluminescence. It's a process that magically transforms sound waves into flashes of light, focusing the sound energy into a tiny flickering hot spot inside a bubble. It's been called the star in a jar.The star in a jar effortlessly reaches temperatures of tens of thousands of degrees, hotter than the surface of the sun. Many scientists had wondered if the core of the bubble was even hotter – maybe even as hot as the core of the sun. If so, fusion would happen there. But until Taleyarkhan, no one had been able to either prove it or disprove it.The breakthrough and the paper in Science attracted great scepticism. When fusion takes place, particles called neutrons are given off. These are considered by scientists to be the key signature of nuclear fusion – but measuring neutrons on a small, laboratory scale had proven notoriously difficult in the past – and had even killed off an infamous fusion claim in 1989.Many scientists didn't believe that Rusi Taleyarkhan' neutron detection was absolutely right. So to get to the bottom of the issue, the experiment was re-run by Mike Saltmarsh and Dan Shapiro, colleagues at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. They couldn't find any evidence of fusion. But the controversy escalated as Taleyarkhan's team stood their ground and then, two years later, brought out a new paper showing even more fusion and more neutrons. This paper was thoroughly reviewed and published in another respected journal.But the the controversy wouldn't die down. Nuclear fusion from soundwaves would be a huge scientific breakthrough – and to be convinced of it, many scientists wanted to see better evidence, evidence that was absolutely incontrovertible. They wanted to look very precisely at the timing of the neutrons to see just how closely they were related to the flashes of light.If they occurred at the exact same time, they would finally be convinced that fusion was taking place. But they wanted timing with incredible accuracy, that of a nanosecond, or a billionth of a second. This was one measurement that, though possible, still hadn't been carried out by Taleyarkhan and his team.So Horizon decided to try to sort out the issue once and for all. And we commissioned an independent team of leading scientists to conduct the experiment. Working from the instructions set out in Taleyarkhan's paper, we assembled the same key scientific conditions to create nuclear fusion from sonoluminescence. To see if we could find fusion, we measured the neutrons and the flashes of light simultaneously with nanosecond accuracy, something that had never been done before.The experiment was carried out by Seth Putterman, one of the world's leading practitioners of sonoluminescence. His data was analysed by a panel in the UK that included experts in sonoluminescence and neutron detection. They agreed that Putterman had achieved the vital scientific conditions set out in Taleyarkhan's paper and that his experiment was a good attempt at getting the same results.But then it came down to the crucial question: did Putterman find fusion? The result was negative. Recording data nanosecond by nanosecond, Putterman did not find a single neutron close enough to a flash of light for it to be considered the result of nuclear fusion.We put our conclusion to Taleyarkhan. He said that several differences in our equipment could have affected our results. It is very possible that other laboratories around the world will reproduce Rusi Taleyarkhan's fusion results but until then, the claim will continue to attract great scepticism from the wider scientific community.
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【技术参数】——
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相关纪录片：
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Related Sites
An Experiment to Save the World at BBC Active
Wikipedia:Nuclear Fusion
An Explanation of Nuclear Fusion at AtomicArchive.com
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[BBC - Horizon - An Experiment to Save the World]
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